The first 512 bytes of a partitioned storage device is called the MBR (master boot record). The main reason why I think you should backup the MBR is because it contains the disks primary partition table.

To backup the MBR of /dev/sda to /tmp/sda.mbr.dump type:

# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/sda.mbr.dump bs=512 count=1

To restore the MBR type:

 
# dd if=/tmp/sda.mbr.dump of=/dev/sda

To exclude the partition table from being restored type:

 
 
# dd if=/tmp/sda.mbr.dump of=/dev/sda count=1 bs=446

To restore only the partition table:

 
 
 
# dd if=/tmp/sda.mbr.dump of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 skip=446 seek=446
 

Usually it is a good idea to re-install grub afterwards:

# grub-install /dev/sda

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